Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Coefficient of contraction is the ratio of

Area of jet at vena-contracta to the area of orifice
Actual velocity of jet at vena contracta to the theoretical velocity
Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice
Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
A compound pipe of diameter d1, d2 and d3 having lengths l1, l2 and l3 is to be replaced by an equivalent pipe of uniform diameter d and of the same length (l) as that of the compound pipe. The size of the equivalent pipe is given by

l/d³ = (l₁/d₁³) + (l₂/d₂³) + (l₃/d₃³)
l/d⁴ = (l₁/d₁⁴) + (l₂/d₂⁴) + (l₃/d₃⁴)
l/d² = (l₁/d₁²) + (l₂/d₂²) + (l₃/d₃²)
l/d⁵ = (l₁/d₁⁵) + (l₂/d₂⁵) + (l₃/d₃⁵)

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
When a liquid is flowing through a pipe, the velocity of the liquid is

Zero at the centre and maximum near the walls
Maximum at the centre and zero near the walls
Minimum at the centre and maximum near the walls
Maximum at the centre and minimum near the walls

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