Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
A compound pipe of diameter d1, d2 and d3 having lengths l1, l2 and l3 is to be replaced by an equivalent pipe of uniform diameter d and of the same length (l) as that of the compound pipe. The size of the equivalent pipe is given by

l/d² = (l₁/d₁²) + (l₂/d₂²) + (l₃/d₃²)
l/d⁵ = (l₁/d₁⁵) + (l₂/d₂⁵) + (l₃/d₃⁵)
l/d⁴ = (l₁/d₁⁴) + (l₂/d₂⁴) + (l₃/d₃⁴)
l/d³ = (l₁/d₁³) + (l₂/d₂³) + (l₃/d₃³)

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Buoyant force is

The force necessary to maintain equilibrium of a submerged body
The resultant force on a body due to the fluid surrounding it
The resultant force acting on a floating body
Equal to the volume of liquid displaced

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The flow in a pipe or channel is said to be uniform when

The liquid particles at all sections have the same velocities
The quantity of liquid flowing per second is constant
The liquid particles at different sections have different velocities
Each liquid particle has a definite path

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