Internal Combustion Engines
If V₁ is the jet velocity and V₀ is the vehicle velocity, then the propulsive efficiency of a rocket is given by

V₁/(V₀ + V₁)
(V₀/V₁)/ [1 + (V₀/V₁)²]
V₀/(V₀ + V₁)
[2(V₀/V₁)]/ [1 + (V₀/V₁)²]

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Internal Combustion Engines
As compared to air standard cycle, in actual working, the effect of variation in specific heats is to

Reduce maximum pressure and maximum temperature
Increase maximum pressure and decrease maximum temperature
Decrease maximum pressure and increase maximum temperature
Increase maximum pressure and maximum temperature

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