Machine Design
The stiffness of a closely coiled helical spring subjected to an axial load W is equal to (where G = Modulus of rigidity, and n = Number of active coils)

Gd⁴/ 8D3n
Gd⁴/ 4D3n
Gd⁴/ 8D²n
Gd3/ 8D3n

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Machine Design
Spring stiffness is

Ratio of coil diameter to wire diameter
Its capability of storing energy
Load required to produce unit deflection
Its ability to absorb shocks

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