Machine Design
The stiffness of a closely coiled helical spring subjected to an axial load W is equal to (where G = Modulus of rigidity, and n = Number of active coils)

Gd⁴/ 8D²n
Gd⁴/ 8D3n
Gd3/ 8D3n
Gd⁴/ 4D3n

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Machine Design
Form coefficient of spring is

Ratio of coil diameter to wire diameter
Its capability of storing energy
Load required to produce unit deflection
Concerned with strength of wire of spring

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