Theory of Machine
The secondary unbalanced force due to inertia of reciprocating parts in a reciprocating engine is given by (where m = Mass of reciprocating parts, ω = Angular speed of crank, r = Radius of crank, θ = Angle of inclination of crank with the line of stroke, and n = Ratio of the length of connecting rod to radius of crank)

m.ω².r cosθ
m.ω².r (cos 2θ/n)
m.ω².r (sin 2θ/n)
m.ω².r sinθ

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Theory of Machine
Angle of action of cam is defined as the angle

Of rotation of the cam for a definite displacement of the follower
Through which the cam rotates during the period in which the follower remains in the highest position
Moved by the cam from the instant the follower begins to rise, till it reaches its highest position
Moved by the cam from beginning of ascent to the termination of descent

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Theory of Machine
The frictional torque transmitted in a truncated conical pivot bearing, considering uniform wear, is

(2/3).μ W cosec α (r₁ + r₂)
(2/3). μ W cosec α [(r₁³ - r₂³)/(r₁² - r₂²)]
(1/2). μ W cosec α (r₁ + r₂)
(1/2). μ W cosec α [(r₁³ - r₂³)/(r₁² - r₂²)]

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