Machine Design
The resultant axial load on a bolt depends upon

All of these
External load applied
Initial tension due to tightening of the bolt
Relative elastic yielding of the bolt and the connected members

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Machine Design
The ends of the leaves of a semi-elliptical leaf spring are made triangular in order to

Obtain variable moment of inertia (I) in each leaf
Make M/I constant throughout the length of the leaf
Have variable bending moment (M) in each leaf
Permit each leaf to act as an overhanging beam

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Machine Design
The contact ratio is the ratio of

Length of arc of approach to the circular pitch
Length of arc of recess to the circular pitch
Length of arc of contact to the circular pitch
Length of path of contact to the circular pitch

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