Machine Design
Castle nut is a locking device in which

One smaller nut is tightened over main nut and main nut tightened against smaller one by loosening, creating friction jamming
Through slots are made at top and a cotter pin is passed through these and a hole in the bolt, and cotter pin spitted and bent in reverse direction at other end
A hard fibre or nylon cotter is recessed in the nut and becomes threaded as the nut is screwed on the bolt causing a tight grip
A slot is cut partly is middle of nut and then slot reduced by tightening a screw

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Machine Design
Plastic flow in ductile materials

Increases the seriousness of static loading stress concentration
Has no effect on it
Lessens the seriousness of static loading stress concentration
Depends on other considerations

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Machine Design
In cross or regular lay ropes

Wires are not twisted
Direction of twist of wires in strands is opposite to the direction of twist of strands
Direction of twist of wires and strands are same
Wires in two adjacent strands are twisted in opposite direction

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