Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the clearance of the tube is generally

Equal to the tube diameter
More than the tube diameter
Not less than one-fourth of the tube diameter or 3/16"
More in case of triangular pitch as compared to the square pitch tube layout

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Overall tray efficiency of a distillation column is the ratio of the number of

Overall gas transfer units to the number of ideal trays required
None of these
Ideal trays required to the number of real trays required
Real trays required to the number of ideal trays required

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Overall distillation column efficiency for most of the refinery columns can be given by (for μ = 0.07 - 1.4 cp and relative volatility < 4) (where η = overall column efficiency, % μ = molal average viscosity of feed at average column temperature and pressure, cp Δp = pressure drop per tray, psi)

Η = 1.66 - 0.25 log μ
Η = 0.25 log μ - 1.67
Η = 17 - 61.1 log μ
Η = 24.6 (Δp/μ)

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