Process Equipment and Plant Design
A head comprises of straight flange section, corner torus, section and central dished section. Crown radius and knuckle radius in a head is related respectively to the

Central dished section and corner torus section
Straight flange section and corner torus section
Corner torus section and central dished section
Central dished section and straight flange section

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Generally, elliptical dished heads

Are approximately as strong as seamless cylindrical shell having the corresponding I.D and O.D
Are manufactured on 2:1 ratio of major to minor axis and is recommended to be used for pressure vessels operating above a pressure of 1.5 MN/m²
All of these
Resist half the pressure rating compared to hemi spherical head provided on the cylindrical shell of the same thickness and diameter

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the clearance of the tube is generally

Equal to the tube diameter
More in case of triangular pitch as compared to the square pitch tube layout
More than the tube diameter
Not less than one-fourth of the tube diameter or 3/16"

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
High pressure fluid in a shell and tube heat exchanger should preferably be routed through the

Tubes to avoid the expansion of high pressure shell construction
Shell side, if the flow is counter-current and tube side if the flow is co-current
Shell side for smaller total pressure drop
Shell side for large overall heat transfer co-efficient

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