Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The loss of head due to viscosity for laminar flow in pipes is (where d = Diameter of pipe, l = Length of pipe, v = Velocity of the liquid in the pipe, μ = Viscosity of the liquid, and w = Specific weight of the flowing liquid)

8μvl/wd²
16μvl/wd²
32μvl/wd²
4μvl/wd²

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The hydraulic efficiency of an impulse turbine is the

None of these
Ratio of the actual power produced by the turbine to the energy actually supplied by the turbine
Ratio of the work done on the wheel to the energy of the jet
Ratio of the actual work available at the turbine to the energy imparted to the wheel

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Runaway speed of a hydraulic turbine is

The speed corresponding to maximum overload permissible
The speed at which turbine runner will be damaged
The speed if the turbine runner is allowed to revolve freely without load and with the wicket gates wide open
Full load speed

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