Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The loss of head due to viscosity for laminar flow in pipes is (where d = Diameter of pipe, l = Length of pipe, v = Velocity of the liquid in the pipe, μ = Viscosity of the liquid, and w = Specific weight of the flowing liquid)

8μvl/wd²
32μvl/wd²
16μvl/wd²
4μvl/wd²

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Stanton diagram is a

semi-log plot of friction factor against Reynolds number
semi-log plot of friction factor against relative roughness
log-log plot of friction factor against Reynolds number
log-log plot of relative roughness against Reynolds number

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Coefficient of contraction is the ratio of

Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice
Actual velocity of jet at vena contracta to the theoretical velocity
Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice
Area of jet at vena-contracta to the area of orifice

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The conditions for the stable equilibrium of a floating body are

the center of buoyancy and the center of gravity must lie on the same vertical line
a righting couple should be formed
all the above are correct
the meta-center should lie above the center of gravity

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