Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The depth of centre of pressure (h) for a vertically immersed surface from the liquid surface is given by (where IG = Moment of inertia of the immersed surface about horizontal axis through its centre of gravity, A = Area of immersed surface, and x = Depth of centre of gravity of the immersed surface from the liquid surface)

(IG/x̅) - Ax̅
(IG/Ax̅) + x̅
(IG/Ax̅) - x̅
(Ax̅/IG) + x̅

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
In open channels, the specific energy is the

Total energy measured with respect to the datum passing through the bottom of the channel
Total energy per unit discharge
Kinetic energy plotted above the free surface of water
Total energy measured above the horizontal datum

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Runaway speed of a hydraulic turbine is

The speed if the turbine runner is allowed to revolve freely without load and with the wicket gates wide open
Full load speed
The speed at which turbine runner will be damaged
The speed corresponding to maximum overload permissible

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