Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
In an outward flow reaction turbine

The water enters at the centre of the wheel and then flows towards the outer periphery of the wheel
The flow of water is partly radial and partly axial
The water enters the wheel at the outer periphery and then flows towards the centre of the wheel
The water flows parallel to the axis of the wheel

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a large rectangular orifice is given by (where H1 = Height of the liquid above the top of the orifice, H2 = Height of the liquid above the bottom of the orifice, b = Breadth of the orifice, and Cd = Coefficient of discharge)

Q = (2/3) Cd × b × √(2g) × (H2 - H1)
Q = (2/3) Cd × b × √(2g) × (H22 - H12)
Q = (2/3) Cd × b × √(2g) × (H23/2 - H13/2)
Q = (2/3) Cd × b × √(2g) × (H21/2 - H11/2)

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