Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
In an outward flow reaction turbine

The water enters the wheel at the outer periphery and then flows towards the centre of the wheel
The flow of water is partly radial and partly axial
The water enters at the centre of the wheel and then flows towards the outer periphery of the wheel
The water flows parallel to the axis of the wheel

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The overall efficiency of a reaction turbine is the ratio of

Work-done on the wheel to the energy (or head of water) actually supplied to the turbine
Actual work available at the turbine to the energy imparted to the wheel
Power produced by the turbine to the energy actually supplied by the turbine
None of these

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Surface tension

Is also known as capillarity
Decreases with fall in temperature
Is a function of the curvature of the interface
Acts in the plane of the interface normal to any line in the surface

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