Theory of Machine
The Kutzbach criterion for determining the number of degrees of freedom (n) is (where l = number of links, j = number of joints and h = number of higher pairs)

n = 2(l - 1) - 3j - h
n = 2(l - 1) - 2j - h
n = 3(l - 1) - 3j - h
n = 3(l - 1) - 2j - h

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Theory of Machine
In elliptical trammels

Two pairs turning and two pairs sliding
One pair turning and three pairs sliding
All four pairs are turning
Three pairs turning and one pair sliding

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