Theory of Machine
The instantaneous center of a rigid thin disc rolling on a plane rigid surface is located at

The point of contact
An infinite distance on the plane surface
The point on the circumference situated vertically opposite to the contact point
The center of the disc

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Theory of Machine
In a steam engine, one method of obtaining the earlier cut-off with a simple slide valve is by increasing the angle of advance of the eccentric while the throw of the eccentric, steam lap and exhaust lap are kept constant. This method will

Reduce length of effective stroke of piston
Reduce maximum opening of port to steam
All of these
Cause withdrawing or throttling of steam

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