Internal Combustion Engines
In a typical medium speed, 4-stroke cycle diesel engine

Fuel injection starts at 10° before top dead center and ends at 20° after top dead center
Fuel injection starts at just before top dead center and ends just after top dead center
May start and end anywhere
Fuel injection starts at top dead center and ends at 20° after top dead center

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Internal Combustion Engines
As compared to air standard cycle, in actual working, the effect of variation in specific heats is to

Decrease maximum pressure and increase maximum temperature
Increase maximum pressure and decrease maximum temperature
Increase maximum pressure and maximum temperature
Reduce maximum pressure and maximum temperature

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