Machine Design
The cracks in helical springs used in railway carriages usually start on the inner side of the coil because of the fact that

It is more stretched than the outer side during the manufacturing process
It is subjected to a higher stress than the outer side
It has a lower curvature than the outer side
It is subjected to a higher cyclic loading than the outer side

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Machine Design
When a machine member is subjected to torsion, the torsional shear stress set up in the member is

Maximum at both the centroidal axis and outer surface of the member
Zero at both the centroidal axis and outer surface of the member
Maximum at the centroidal axis and zero at the outer surface of the member
Zero at the centroidal axis and maximum at the outer surface of the member

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