Theory of Machine
The fundamental equation for correct steering is (where φ and α = Angle through which the axis of the outer wheel and inner wheel turns respectively, c = Distance between the pivots of the front axles, and d = Wheel base)

cosφ - sinα = c/b
tanφ + cotα = b/c
cotφ - cotα = c/b
sinφ + sinα = b/c

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Theory of Machine
Lower pairs are those which have

Elements of pairs not held together mechanically
Surface contact between the two elements when in motion
Point or line contact between the two elements when in motion
Two elements that permit relative motion

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Theory of Machine
The secondary unbalanced force due to inertia of reciprocating parts in a reciprocating engine is given by (where m = Mass of reciprocating parts, ω = Angular speed of crank, r = Radius of crank, θ = Angle of inclination of crank with the line of stroke, and n = Ratio of the length of connecting rod to radius of crank)

m.ω².r (sin 2θ/n)
m.ω².r cosθ
m.ω².r (cos 2θ/n)
m.ω².r sinθ

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