Theory of Machine
The fundamental equation for correct steering is (where φ and α = Angle through which the axis of the outer wheel and inner wheel turns respectively, c = Distance between the pivots of the front axles, and d = Wheel base)

sinφ + sinα = b/c
cotφ - cotα = c/b
cosφ - sinα = c/b
tanφ + cotα = b/c

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Theory of Machine
The frictional torque transmitted in a flat collar bearing, considering uniform wear, is (where r₁ and r₂ = External and internal radii of collar respectively)

(2/3) μ W [(r₁³ - r₂³)/(r₁² - r₂²)]
(2/3) μ W (r₁ + r₂)
(1/2) μ W [(r₁³ - r₂³)/(r₁² - r₂²)]
(1/2) μ W (r₁ + r₂)

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