Theory of Machine
In under damped vibrating system, if x₁ and x₂ are the successive values of the amplitude on the same side of the mean position, then the logarithmic decrement is equal to

x₁/x₂
log(x₁.x₂)
loge(x₁/x₂)
log(x₁/x₂)

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Theory of Machine
The contact ratio is given by

(Length of the arc of approach)/cosφ
(Length of path of recess)/(Circular pitch)
(Length of the arc of contact)/(Circular pitch)
(Length of the path of approach)/(Circular pitch)

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Theory of Machine
Sensitiveness of the governor is defined as the ratio of the

Mean speed to the maximum equilibrium speed
Difference of the maximum and minimum equilibrium speeds to the mean speed
Mean speed to the minimum equilibrium speed
Sum of the maximum and minimum equilibrium speeds to the mean speed

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