Theory of Machine
For an isochronous Hartnell governor (where r₁ and r₂ = Maximum and minimum radius of rotation of balls respectively, S₁ and S₂ = Maximum and minimum force exerted on the sleeve respectively, and M = Mass on the sleeve)

(m.g - S₁)/(m.g - S₂) = r₂/r₁
S₁/S₂ = r₁/r₂
(m.g + S₁)/(m.g + S₂) = r₁/r₂
S₂/S₁ = r₁/r₂

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Theory of Machine
The maximum fluctuation of energy is the

Ratio of the mean resisting torque to the work-done per cycle
Sum of the maximum and minimum energies
Variations of energy above and below the mean resisting torque line
Difference between the maximum and minimum energies

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