Theory of Machine
Two heavy rotating masses are connected by shafts of lengths l₁, l₂ and l₃ and the corresponding diameters are d₁, d₂ and d₃. This system is reduced to a torsionally equivalent system having uniform diameter d = d₁ of the shaft. The equivalent length of the shaft is

l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)⁴ + l₃.(d₁/d₃)⁴
l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)³ + l₂.(d₁/d₃)³
(l₁ + l₂ + l₃)/3
l₁ + l₂ + l₃

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Theory of Machine
Two pulleys of radii r₁ and r₂ and at distance x apart are connected by means of an open belt drive. The length of the belt is

π (r₁ + r₂) + (r₁ - r₂)²/x + 2x
π (r₁ - r₂) + (r₁ + r₂)²/x + 2x
π (r₁ - r₂) + (r₁ - r₂)²/x + 2x
π (r₁ + r₂) + (r₁ + r₂)²/x + 2x

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