Theory of Machine
In a steam engine, one method of obtaining the earlier cut-off with a simple slide valve is by increasing the angle of advance of the eccentric while the throw of the eccentric, steam lap and exhaust lap are kept constant. This method will

Reduce length of effective stroke of piston
All of these
Cause withdrawing or throttling of steam
Reduce maximum opening of port to steam

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Theory of Machine
In a mechanism, the fixed instantaneous centers are those centers which

Moves as the mechanism moves, but joints are of permanent nature
None of the listed here
Remain in the same place for all configurations of the mechanism
Vary with the configuration of the mechanism

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