Theory of Machine
Two heavy rotating masses are connected by shafts of lengths l₁, l₂ and l₃ and the corresponding diameters are d₁, d₂ and d₃. This system is reduced to a torsionally equivalent system having uniform diameter d = d₁ of the shaft. The equivalent length of the shaft is

l₁ + l₂ + l₃
l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)³ + l₂.(d₁/d₃)³
(l₁ + l₂ + l₃)/3
l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)⁴ + l₃.(d₁/d₃)⁴

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Theory of Machine
Lower pairs are those which have

Elements of pairs not held together mechanically
Surface contact between the two elements when in motion
Point or line contact between the two elements when in motion
Two elements that permit relative motion

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Theory of Machine
Power of a governor is the

Mean force exerted at the sleeve for a given percentage change of speed
Mean force exerted at the sleeve for maximum equilibrium speed
Work-done at the sleeve for maximum equilibrium speed
None of these

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