Process Equipment and Plant Design
A certain pressure vessel manufacturer avoids doing reinforcements calculations for openings by always providing a reinforcing pad extending upto double the diameter of the opening and of the same material and thickness as that of the shell wall. If area compensation is accepted as a code guideline, his approach leads to safe design

Only if the opening is on a horizontal cylinderical vessel
Only if the opening is on a vertical cylinderical vessel
Irrespective of the shape of the vessel
Only if the opening is on spherical vessel

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Triangular pitch tube layout as compared to square pitch in a shell and tube heat exchanger

Permits the use of less tubes in a given shell diameter
Permits the use of more tubes in a given shell diameter
Both B and C
Facilitates comparatively easier external cleaning because of large clearance

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