Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The flow in which the particles of a fluid attain such velocities that vary from point to point in magnitude and direction as well as from instant to instant, is known as

one dimensional flow
uniform flow
turbulent flow
steady flow

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The hammer blow in pipes occurs when

The flow of fluid through the pipe is gradually brought to rest by closing of the valve
The pipe bursts under high pressure of fluid
There is excessive leakage in the pipe
The flow of fluid through the pipe is suddenly brought to rest by closing of the valve

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge over a rectangular weir, considering the velocity of approach, is (whereH1 = H + Ha = Total height of water above the weir, H = Height of water over the crest of the weir, and Ha = Height of water due to velocity of approach)

(2/3) Cd × L. √2g [H15/2 - Ha5/2]
(2/3) Cd × L.√2g [H1 - Ha]
(2/3) Cd × L.√2g [H12 - Ha2]
(2/3) Cd × L. √2g [H13/2 - Ha3/2]

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