Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The flow in which the particles of a fluid attain such velocities that vary from point to point in magnitude and direction as well as from instant to instant, is known as

steady flow
one dimensional flow
turbulent flow
uniform flow

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The depth of centre of pressure (h) for a vertically immersed surface from the liquid surface is given by (where IG = Moment of inertia of the immersed surface about horizontal axis through its centre of gravity, A = Area of immersed surface, and x = Depth of centre of gravity of the immersed surface from the liquid surface)

(IG/Ax̅) + x̅
(IG/Ax̅) - x̅
(Ax̅/IG) + x̅
(IG/x̅) - Ax̅

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a wholly drowned orifice is given by (where H1 = Height of water (on the upstream side) above the top of the orifice, H2 = Height of water (on the downstream side) above the bottom of the orifice, and H = Difference between two water levels on either side of the orifice)

Q = Cd × bH2 × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × b (H2 - H1) × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH₁ × √(2gh)

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