Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The Bernoulli's equation is based on the assumption that

There is no loss of energy of the liquid flowing
The velocity of flow is uniform across any cross-section of the pipe
No force except gravity acts on the fluid
All of these

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The flow ratio of Francis turbine is defined as the ratio of the

Velocity of flow at inlet to the theoretical jet velocity
None of these
Theoretical velocity of jet to the velocity of flow at inlet
Velocity of runner at inlet to the velocity of flow at inlet

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The hammer blow in pipes occurs when

There is excessive leakage in the pipe
The flow of fluid through the pipe is gradually brought to rest by closing of the valve
The flow of fluid through the pipe is suddenly brought to rest by closing of the valve
The pipe bursts under high pressure of fluid

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