Water, pH and Macromolecules
The elements oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon

All of these
contain protons and neutrons in their atomic nuclei
can all form covalent bonds with other elements
are common elements in the molecules that make up living organisms

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Water, pH and Macromolecules
Buffer solutions

tend to maintain a relatively constant pH.
will always have a pH of 7
are rarely found in living systems
cause a decrease in pH when acids are added to them.

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Water, pH and Macromolecules
Salt dissolves well in water as water molecules

surround the ions because of their charge but do not form hydrogen bonds
share electrons with the ions to make polar covalent bonds
make nonpolar covalent bonds with the positively charged ions only
form hydrogen bonds with the positively and negatively charged ions

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