Theory of Machine
The effort of a Porter governor is equal to (where c = Percentage increase in speed, m = Mass of ball, and M = Mass on the sleeve)

c (m + M) g
c/(m - M) g
c (m - M) g
c/(m + M) g

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Theory of Machine
The displacement of the reciprocating roller follower, when it has contact with the straight flanks of the tangent cam, is given by (where r₁ = Minimum radius of the cam, r₂ = Radius of the roller follower, and θ = Angle turned by the cam from the beginning of the follower displacement)

(r₁ + r₂) [(1 - cosθ)/cosθ]
(r₁ - r₂) [(1 - cosθ)/cosθ]
(r₁ + r₂) (1 + cosθ)
(r₁ - r₂) (1 - cosθ)

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Theory of Machine
In gears, interference takes place when

Gears do not move smoothly in the absence of lubrication
Pitch of the gears is not same
Gear teeth are undercut
The tip of a tooth of a mating gear digs into the portion between base and root circles

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