Theory of Machine
The effort of a Porter governor is equal to (where c = Percentage increase in speed, m = Mass of ball, and M = Mass on the sleeve)

c/(m - M) g
c (m - M) g
c/(m + M) g
c (m + M) g

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Theory of Machine
In a steam engine, the earlier cut-off with a simple slide valve may be obtained by increasing the steam lap and the angle of advance of the eccentric but keeping constant the travel and lead of the valve, this method will

Reduce maximum opening of port to steam
Reduce length of effective stroke of piston
Cause withdrawing or throttling of steam
All of the listed here

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