Water, pH and Macromolecules
The effectiveness or capacity of a buffer solution can be affected by

concentration of the conjugate base to the weak acid
both (a) and (b)
temperature of buffer components
molar concentration of the buffer components

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Water, pH and Macromolecules
Buffer solutions

are rarely found in living systems
cause a decrease in pH when acids are added to them.
tend to maintain a relatively constant pH.
will always have a pH of 7

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Water, pH and Macromolecules
Salt dissolves well in water as water molecules

make nonpolar covalent bonds with the positively charged ions only
share electrons with the ions to make polar covalent bonds
form hydrogen bonds with the positively and negatively charged ions
surround the ions because of their charge but do not form hydrogen bonds

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