Water, pH and Macromolecules
The effectiveness or capacity of a buffer solution can be affected by

temperature of buffer components
both (a) and (b)
concentration of the conjugate base to the weak acid
molar concentration of the buffer components

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Water, pH and Macromolecules
Buffer solutions

tend to maintain a relatively constant pH.
are rarely found in living systems
cause a decrease in pH when acids are added to them.
will always have a pH of 7

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Water, pH and Macromolecules
Salt dissolves well in water as water molecules

form hydrogen bonds with the positively and negatively charged ions
make nonpolar covalent bonds with the positively charged ions only
surround the ions because of their charge but do not form hydrogen bonds
share electrons with the ions to make polar covalent bonds

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