Theory of Machine
The displacement of a flat faced follower when it has contact with the flank of a circular arc cam, is given by (where R = Radius of flank, r₁ = Minimum radius of the cam, and θ = Angle turned through by the cam)

(R - r₁) (1 - sinθ)
(R - r₁) (1 - cosθ)
R (1 - cosθ)
R (1 - sinθ)

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Theory of Machine
In a steam engine, the earlier cut-off with a simple slide valve may be obtained by increasing the steam lap and the angle of advance of the eccentric but keeping constant the travel and lead of the valve, this method will

Reduce length of effective stroke of piston
Cause withdrawing or throttling of steam
Reduce maximum opening of port to steam
All of the listed here

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