Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through an external mouthpiece is given by (where a = Cross-sectional area of the mouthpiece, and H = Height of liquid above the mouthpiece)

1.855 aH.√(2g)
5.85 aH.√(2g)
1.585 a.√(2gH)
0.855 a.√(2gH)

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
In a reaction turbine, the draft tube is used

To prevent air to enter the turbine
To transport water to downstream
To run the turbine full
To increase the head of water by an amount equal to the height of the runner outlet above the tail race

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