Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
If the elevation of hydraulic grade line at the junction of three pipes is above the elevation of reservoirs B and C and below reservoir A, then the direction of flow will be

from reservoir C to reservoirs A and B
from reservoir A to reservoirs B and C
unpredictable
from reservoir B to reservoirs C and A

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Coefficient of contraction is the ratio of

Actual velocity of jet at vena contracta to the theoretical velocity
Area of jet at vena-contracta to the area of orifice
Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice
Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The hammer blow in pipes occurs when

There is excessive leakage in the pipe
The flow of fluid through the pipe is gradually brought to rest by closing of the valve
The flow of fluid through the pipe is suddenly brought to rest by closing of the valve
The pipe bursts under high pressure of fluid

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