Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a small rectangular orifice is given by (where Cd = Coefficient of discharge for the orifice, a = Cross-sectional area of the orifice, h = Height of the liquid above the centre of the orifice)

Q = (2/3). Cd × a × h
Q = (3Cd × a)/√(2h)
Q = (Cd × a)/√(2gh)
Q = Cd × a × 2gh

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The hydraulic efficiency of a reaction turbine, is the ratio of

Actual work available at the turbine to energy imparted to the wheel
Work-done on the wheel to the energy (or head of water) actually supplied to the turbine
None of these
Power produced by the turbine to the energy actually supplied by the turbine

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