Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a small rectangular orifice is given by (where Cd = Coefficient of discharge for the orifice, a = Cross-sectional area of the orifice, h = Height of the liquid above the centre of the orifice)

Q = Cd × a × 2gh
Q = (3Cd × a)/√(2h)
Q = (Cd × a)/√(2gh)
Q = (2/3). Cd × a × h

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The purpose of a surge tank is

To control the pressure variations due to rapid changes in the pipe line flow
To regulate flow of water to turbines by providing necessary retarding head of water
To eliminate water hammer possibilities
All of these

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