Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
In a free nappe,

The pressure above the nappe is atmospheric
The pressure above the nappe is negative
The pressure below the nappe is atmospheric
The pressure below the nappe is negative

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Coefficient of resistance is the ratio of

Actual velocity of jet at vena-contracta to the theoretical velocity
Area of jet at vena-contracta to the area of orifice
Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice
Actual discharge through an orifice to the theoretical discharge

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