Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Cavitation will begin when

pressure becomes more than critical pressure
flow is increased
pressure is increased
the pressure at any location reaches an absolute pressure equal to the saturated vapour pressure of the liquid

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a wholly drowned orifice is given by (where H1 = Height of water (on the upstream side) above the top of the orifice, H2 = Height of water (on the downstream side) above the bottom of the orifice, and H = Difference between two water levels on either side of the orifice)

Q = Cd × bH₁ × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × b (H2 - H1) × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH2 × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH × √(2gh)

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Mechanical efficiency of a centrifugal pump is the ratio of

Manometric head to the energy supplied by the impeller per kN of water
Actual work-done by the pump to the energy supplied to the pump by the prime mover
Energy available at the impeller to the energy supplied to the pump by the prime mover
Energy supplied to the pump to the energy available at the impeller

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