Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Reciprocating pumps are no more to be seen in industrial applications (in comparison to centrifugal pumps) because of

Necessity of air vessel
Lower speed of operation
High initial and maintenance cost
Lower discharge

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Coefficient of contraction is the ratio of

Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice
Actual velocity of jet at vena contracta to the theoretical velocity
Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice
Area of jet at vena-contracta to the area of orifice

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