Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Reciprocating pumps are no more to be seen in industrial applications (in comparison to centrifugal pumps) because of

Necessity of air vessel
Lower discharge
High initial and maintenance cost
Lower speed of operation

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge over a rectangular weir, considering the velocity of approach, is (whereH1 = H + Ha = Total height of water above the weir, H = Height of water over the crest of the weir, and Ha = Height of water due to velocity of approach)

(2/3) Cd × L. √2g [H13/2 - Ha3/2]
(2/3) Cd × L.√2g [H1 - Ha]
(2/3) Cd × L. √2g [H15/2 - Ha5/2]
(2/3) Cd × L.√2g [H12 - Ha2]

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