Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Reciprocating pumps are no more to be seen in industrial applications (in comparison to centrifugal pumps) because of

Lower speed of operation
Lower discharge
High initial and maintenance cost
Necessity of air vessel

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Coefficient of resistance is the ratio of

Actual discharge through an orifice to the theoretical discharge
Actual velocity of jet at vena-contracta to the theoretical velocity
Area of jet at vena-contracta to the area of orifice
Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice

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