Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The diameter of the nozzle (d) for maximum transmission of power is given by (where D = Diameter of pipe, f = Darcy’s coefficient of friction for pipe, and l = Length of pipe)

d = (D⁵/8fl)1/3
d = (D⁵/8fl)1/5
d = (D⁵/8fl)1/4
d = (D⁵/8fl)1/2

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Coefficient of contraction is the ratio of

Actual velocity of jet at vena contracta to the theoretical velocity
Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice
Area of jet at vena-contracta to the area of orifice
Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The purpose of a surge tank is

To control the pressure variations due to rapid changes in the pipe line flow
To regulate flow of water to turbines by providing necessary retarding head of water
All of these
To eliminate water hammer possibilities

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