Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The diameter of the nozzle (d) for maximum transmission of power is given by (where D = Diameter of pipe, f = Darcy’s coefficient of friction for pipe, and l = Length of pipe)

d = (D⁵/8fl)1/3
d = (D⁵/8fl)1/4
d = (D⁵/8fl)1/5
d = (D⁵/8fl)1/2

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
In open channels, the specific energy is the

Total energy measured above the horizontal datum
Total energy measured with respect to the datum passing through the bottom of the channel
Kinetic energy plotted above the free surface of water
Total energy per unit discharge

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