Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The diameter of the nozzle (d) for maximum transmission of power is given by (where D = Diameter of pipe, f = Darcy’s coefficient of friction for pipe, and l = Length of pipe)

d = (D⁵/8fl)1/3
d = (D⁵/8fl)1/5
d = (D⁵/8fl)1/2
d = (D⁵/8fl)1/4

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
When a liquid is flowing through a pipe, the velocity of the liquid is

Maximum at the centre and zero near the walls
Maximum at the centre and minimum near the walls
Minimum at the centre and maximum near the walls
Zero at the centre and maximum near the walls

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a large rectangular orifice is given by (where H1 = Height of the liquid above the top of the orifice, H2 = Height of the liquid above the bottom of the orifice, b = Breadth of the orifice, and Cd = Coefficient of discharge)

Q = (2/3) Cd × b × √(2g) × (H2 - H1)
Q = (2/3) Cd × b × √(2g) × (H21/2 - H11/2)
Q = (2/3) Cd × b × √(2g) × (H22 - H12)
Q = (2/3) Cd × b × √(2g) × (H23/2 - H13/2)

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