Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
According to Darcy's formula, the loss of head due to friction in the pipe is (where f = Darcy's coefficient, l = Length of pipe, v = Velocity of liquid in pipe, and d = Diameter of pipe)

flv²/gd
4flv²/2gd
3flv²/2gd
flv²/2gd

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The purpose of a surge tank is

To control the pressure variations due to rapid changes in the pipe line flow
All of these
To regulate flow of water to turbines by providing necessary retarding head of water
To eliminate water hammer possibilities

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