Airport Engineering
The depressions and undulations in the pavement, are caused due to

Impact of heavy wheel loads
Improper compaction of sub-grade
Punching effect
All listed here

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Airport Engineering
Castor angle is defined as the angle

Between the true speed of the aircraft and the crosswind component
Between the horizontal and the fuselage axis
Formed by the longitudinal axis of the aircraft and the direction of movement of the nose gear
Between the direction of wind and the longitudinal axis of the runway

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