Airport Engineering
The depressions and undulations in the pavement, are caused due to

Punching effect
All listed here
Improper compaction of sub-grade
Impact of heavy wheel loads

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Airport Engineering
The capacity of parallel runway pattern depends upon

Lateral spacing between two runways, weather conditions and navigational aids available.
Lateral spacing between two runways and navigational aids available
Weather conditions and navigational aids available
Lateral spacing between two runways and weather conditions

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