Airport Engineering
The depressions and undulations in the pavement, are caused due to

Punching effect
Improper compaction of sub-grade
Impact of heavy wheel loads
All listed here

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Airport Engineering
In instrument landing system

L.O.M. and Localizer are installed on one side and L.M.M. on the other side
L.O.M. and L.M.M. are installed on one side and Localizer antenna on the other side
Localizer and L.M.M. are installed on one side and L.O.M. on the other side
None of these

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