DC Generators
The copper loss is constant for

Series generator only
Both shunt and compound generator
None of the listed here
Shunt generator only

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DC Generators
In a D.C. generator

External resistance = internal characteristic armature reaction
Magnetization characteristic = external characteristic
Internal characteristic = magnetization characteristic ohmic drop
External characteristic = magnetization characteristic ohmic drop armature reaction

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DC Generators
When two D.C. series generators are running in parallel, an equalizer bar is used

To increase the series flux
So that two similar machines will pass approximately equal currents to the load
To reduce the combined effect of armature reaction of both machines
To increase the speed and hence generated e.m.f.

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