DC Generators
In a D.C. generator the ripples in the direct e.m.f. generated are reduced by

Using carbon brushes of superior quality
Using conductor of annealed copper
Using equalizer rings
Using commutator with large number of segments

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DC Generators
While applying Fleming's right-hand rule to and the direction of induced e.m.f., the thumb points towards

Direction of induced e.m.f.
Direction of flux
Direction of motion of conductor, if forefinger points along the lines of flux
Direction of motion of the conductor if forefinger points in the direction of generated e.m.f.

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