DC Generators
In a D.C. generator the ripples in the direct e.m.f. generated are reduced by

Using carbon brushes of superior quality
Using conductor of annealed copper
Using commutator with large number of segments
Using equalizer rings

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DC Generators
Lap winding is composed of

That even number which is exact multiple of poles
Any even number of conductors
That even number which is exact multiple of poles + 2
Any odd number of conductors

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