Building Construction
In a colar beam roof

There is no horizontal tie beam
There is a horizontal tie at almost the middle of rafters only
There are two horizontal ties, one at the feet and other at the middle of the rafters
There is a horizontal tie at the feet of rafters only

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Building Construction
Grillage foundation

Is light and economical
All listed here
Does not require deep cutting as the required base area with required pressure intensity is obtained at a shallow depth
Is used to transfer heavy structural loads from steel columns to a soil having low bearing capacity

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Building Construction
Two columns 50 cm × 50 cm and 60 cm × 60 cm carry 80 tonnes and 120 tonnes of loads respectively. The centre to centre distance between columns is 5.00 metres. The permissible bearing capacity of the soil is 20 t/m2. If the footing is not to project more than 25 cm beyond the outside of the smaller column, pick up the correct design parameters of the footing from the following:

All listed here
Area of footing slab = 11.00 m2
The length of the foundation slab = 7.00 m
Distance of C.G. of the loads from the smaller column = 3.00 m

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