Process Equipment and Plant Design
Smoker's equation for the calculation of number of equilibrium stages in a continuous binary distillation column is used, when the

Number of equilibrium stages required is likely to be very small
Feed is not at its bubble point
Relative volatility is close to one (e.g., separation of close boiling isomers)
Number of equilibrium stages in only stripping section is to be calculated

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A head comprises of straight flange section, corner torus, section and central dished section. Crown radius and knuckle radius in a head is related respectively to the

Central dished section and straight flange section
Central dished section and corner torus section
Corner torus section and central dished section
Straight flange section and corner torus section

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