Process Equipment and Plant Design
Liquid gradient over a tray can be minimised by

Decreasing the number of rows of caps through which the liquid flows or by decreasing the velocity of liquid flow past the caps or by reducing the distance along the tray through which the liquid must
Using split flow, radial flow or cascade flow for column diameter large than 4 ft
All of these
Providing a higher skirt clearance or a higher weir

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger for a given heat transfer surface area, smaller diameter tubes are favoured as compared to larger diameter ones ; because the smaller diameter tubes

Are less prone to fouling
Are easier to clean
None of these
Can be fitted into a smaller shell diameter hence the cost of the heat exchanger would be less

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to shell and tube heat exchanger.

Bracket supports are used for horizontal shell, while saddle support is used for vertical shell
Tie rods are fixed at one end in the tube sheet by making blind holes and the minimum number of tie rods is 4 with at least 10 mm diameter
Clearance between shell & baffles and between tube & baffles should be minimum to avoid by-passing of the fluid, but it should be enough to permit the removal of tube bundle
Baffles are supported independently of the tubes by tie rods and positioned by spacers

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