Process Equipment and Plant Design
For a cylindrical shell, (subject to the thickness of uppermost course being more than the minimum for diaofthe tank in question), the thickness of the courses of shell

May decrease or increase upwards depending upon whether vacuum or positive pressure would be maintained inside the shell
Increases upwards
Decreases upwards
Remains same throughout

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Practical dividing line between a ductile and brittle materials is suggested, when the ultimate elongation is about 5%. Generally, larger the knuckle radius, stronger is the corner torus section of a head. The knuckle radius provided should be less than __________ of the head.

6% of I.D.
Either A or B, whichever is larger
Either A or B, whichever is smaller
3 times the thickness

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A stuffing box is used for

Facilitating smooth opening and closing of a valve
Reducing the resistance of fluid flow
Prevention of fluid leakage around moving parts
Absorbing the contraction/expansion of pipeline due to temperature changes

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