Machine Design
Stress concentration is caused due to

Pitting at points or areas at which loads on a member are applied
All of these
Abrupt change of section
Variation in properties of material from point to point in a member

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Machine Design
In the calculation of induced shear stress in helical springs, the Wahl's stress factor is used to take care of

Combined effect of transverse shear stress and bending stress in the wire
Combined effect of transverse shear stress and curvature of wire
Combined effect of torsional shear stress and transverse shear stress in the wire
Combined effect of bending stress and curvature of the wire

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Machine Design
In cross or regular lay ropes

Direction of twist of wires and strands are same
Wires are not twisted
Wires in two adjacent strands are twisted in opposite direction
Direction of twist of wires in strands is opposite to the direction of twist of strands

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