Surveying
Systematic errors

Always follow some definite mathematical law
Are also known as cumulative errors
All listed here
Can be removed by applying corrections to the observed values

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Surveying
The error due to eccentricity of inner and outer axes can be eliminated by

reading both verniers and taking the mean of the two
taking both face observations and taking the mean of the two
double sighting
taking mean of several readings distributed over different portions of the graduated circle

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Surveying
Normal tension is that pull which

makes the correction due to pull equal to zero
makes the correction due to sag equal to zero
is used at the time of standardising the tape
neutralizes the effect due to pull and sag

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