Surveying
Local attraction in compass surveying may exist due to

friction of the needle at the pivot
incorrect levelling of the magnetic needle
presence of magnetic substances near the instrument
loss of magnetism of the needle

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Surveying
Normal tension is that pull which

makes the correction due to pull equal to zero
makes the correction due to sag equal to zero
neutralizes the effect due to pull and sag
is used at the time of standardising the tape

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Surveying
The rise and fall method

quicker and less tedious for large number of intermediate sights
is less accurate than height of instrument method
is not suitable for levelling with tilting levels
provides a check on the reduction of intermediate point levels

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