Surveying
To avoid large centering error with very short legs, observations are generally made

By using optical system for centering the theodolite
To a target fixed on theodolite tripod on which theodolite may be fitted easily
All listed here
To chain pins

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Surveying
Bowditch rule is applied to

determine the effect of local attraction
None of these
a closed traverse for adjustment of closing error
an open traverse for graphical adjustment

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