Surveying
To avoid large centering error with very short legs, observations are generally made

To chain pins
All listed here
To a target fixed on theodolite tripod on which theodolite may be fitted easily
By using optical system for centering the theodolite

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Surveying
Contour interval is

Larger for accurate works
Larger if the time available is more
Directly proportional to the flatness of ground
Inversely proportional to the scale of the map

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