Surveying
To avoid large centering error with very short legs, observations are generally made

By using optical system for centering the theodolite
To a target fixed on theodolite tripod on which theodolite may be fitted easily
To chain pins
All listed here

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Surveying
The error due to eccentricity of inner and outer axes can be eliminated by

double sighting
taking both face observations and taking the mean of the two
taking mean of several readings distributed over different portions of the graduated circle
reading both verniers and taking the mean of the two

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