Process Equipment and Plant Design
Practical dividing line between a ductile and brittle materials is suggested, when the ultimate elongation is about 5%. Generally, larger the knuckle radius, stronger is the corner torus section of a head. The knuckle radius provided should be less than __________ of the head.

Either A or B, whichever is smaller
6% of I.D.
3 times the thickness
Either A or B, whichever is larger

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A stuffing box is used for

Facilitating smooth opening and closing of a valve
Absorbing the contraction/expansion of pipeline due to temperature changes
Reducing the resistance of fluid flow
Prevention of fluid leakage around moving parts

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