Water, pH and Macromolecules
Polyprotic acids such as H3PO4, can act as acid-base buffers

only in combination with polyprotic bases
at pH values around any of their pKa's
at pH values around neutrality
if their concentration is kept low

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Water, pH and Macromolecules
Buffer solutions

are rarely found in living systems
will always have a pH of 7
cause a decrease in pH when acids are added to them.
tend to maintain a relatively constant pH.

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Water, pH and Macromolecules
Which of the following statements about covalently bonded molecules is false?

The chemical bonds that hold the molecule together are relatively strong
Such molecules often result from the interaction of ionized atoms
Noncovalent bonds may also be present, especially if the molecule is large
Electrons are shared between the atoms that make up the molecule

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