Process Equipment and Plant Design
For turbulent flow (NRe > 2100) of low viscosity fluid (μ > 20cp) in steel pipes, the optimum inside pipe diameter is given by(where, Q = fluid flow rate, ft³/sec.ρ = fluid density, lb/ft³ μ = fluid viscosity, centipoise Di = optimum inside pipe diameter, inches)

Di, opt = 3.9 Q0.45 ρ0.13
Di, opt = 3 Q0.36 . μ0.88
Di, opt = 3.9 Q0.45 . μ0.95
Di, opt = 4.7 Q0.36 . μ3.2ρ0.13

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a vertical short tube evaporator (Calendria type), the

All of these
Liquor is inside the tube while the steam is outside the tube
Area of central downtake is equal to 40 to 100% of total cross-sectional area of the surrounding tube
Tube dia of 2.5-7.5 cms, tube length of 75-200 cms and cylinderical drum dia of 1-6 metres are normally used

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