Process Equipment and Plant Design
For turbulent flow (NRe > 2100) of low viscosity fluid (μ > 20cp) in steel pipes, the optimum inside pipe diameter is given by(where, Q = fluid flow rate, ft³/sec.ρ = fluid density, lb/ft³ μ = fluid viscosity, centipoise Di = optimum inside pipe diameter, inches)

Di, opt = 3 Q0.36 . μ0.88
Di, opt = 3.9 Q0.45 ρ0.13
Di, opt = 4.7 Q0.36 . μ3.2ρ0.13
Di, opt = 3.9 Q0.45 . μ0.95

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Bubble cap tray is the most commonly used tray in large distillation column, because

It incurs less pressure drop as compared to any other try designed for the same duty
None of these
It eliminates the foaming and entrain-ment tendency during operation
Of its flexibility and nearly constant efficiency under varying conditions of operation

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