Process Equipment and Plant Design
Liquid gradient over a tray can be minimised by

All of these
Decreasing the number of rows of caps through which the liquid flows or by decreasing the velocity of liquid flow past the caps or by reducing the distance along the tray through which the liquid must
Providing a higher skirt clearance or a higher weir
Using split flow, radial flow or cascade flow for column diameter large than 4 ft

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Which of the following is not a valid assumption in continuous binary distillation for calculating the number of equilibrium stages by Mc-Cabe-Thiele's method?

Sensible heat changes for vapour & liquid are negligibly small
Reflux is not a saturated liquid
Heat of mixing of normal liquid is assumed to be zero
Molar latent heat of the two components are equal

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