Process Equipment and Plant Design
A stuffing box is used for

Prevention of fluid leakage around moving parts
Reducing the resistance of fluid flow
Facilitating smooth opening and closing of a valve
Absorbing the contraction/expansion of pipeline due to temperature changes

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A forced circulation long tube vertical evaporator as compared to the natural circulation evaporator

Employs high velocity, high heat transfer rate and less heating surface requirement
Employs a centrifugal pump placed between external downtake from vapor drum and inlet to tube bundle
Is economical in operation
Both B & C

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
High pressure fluid in a shell and tube heat exchanger should preferably be routed through the

Shell side, if the flow is counter-current and tube side if the flow is co-current
Shell side for smaller total pressure drop
Shell side for large overall heat transfer co-efficient
Tubes to avoid the expansion of high pressure shell construction

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