Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the clearance of the tube is generally

More in case of triangular pitch as compared to the square pitch tube layout
More than the tube diameter
Not less than one-fourth of the tube diameter or 3/16"
Equal to the tube diameter

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Overall distillation column efficiency for most of the refinery columns can be given by (for μ = 0.07 - 1.4 cp and relative volatility < 4) (where η = overall column efficiency, % μ = molal average viscosity of feed at average column temperature and pressure, cp Δp = pressure drop per tray, psi)

Η = 1.66 - 0.25 log μ
Η = 24.6 (Δp/μ)
Η = 0.25 log μ - 1.67
Η = 17 - 61.1 log μ

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